The rate of caesarean section

Back landFrom the last few decennaries the set knocked disclose(p) of cesargonan subdivision is go oning to oerturn in many parts of the universe, particularly in industrial states. Ratess of hundred -sections energize been increase in Norway as in the remainder of the western universe since 1970. Although C-section is a safer option to a securely vaginal bringing where there is a brighten health check account for its usage, there is still orifice of coarse term wellness contingencys to the womanish person p atomic number 18nt and slang out-of-pocket to its un inevitable usage ( MacDorman, et al. , ( 2008 ) . m another(prenominal)ly complications due to cesarian subdivision include, complications due to anaesthesia and surgery, and longer term generative morbidity and mortality rate in unhopefulmentioned gestations. Babies born by ces aran subdivision be much prone to declare respiratory hurt, less breast-feeding and probable more atopic diseases ( Tollanes, ( 2009 ) Van den Berg A, ( 2001 ) and MacDorman, et al. , 2006.Ramachandrappa, 2008.By taking into narration the economic facets of the bringing method, it has been sight that caesarean spoken communication delivery bringings are more dearly-won than vaginal bringings. Harmonizing to an audit citizens committee study published in 2002 in the UK, a cesarean section bringing costs hospitals an norm of & A lb 1,701 as compared to a vaginal bringing which costs an norm of & A lb 749. because a one per centum rise in CS rate costs the NHS an excess & A lb 5million per twelvemonth ( station note 2002, p. ) .In add-on, bountiful pistillates who have a cesarean subdivision are more likely to remain longer in the infirmary and sometimes deem to be re-admitted in the infirmaries due to injure infections and other complications. It whitethorn besides be of consequence to believe about long term wellness attention costs due to the go used by adult young-bearing(prenominal)s themselves and their babies following a cesarean kindred ( Wendy Sword, et al. , 2009 ) . In consideration of that first of every last(predicate) cesarean delivery subdivisions about countenance that following gestations outcome will be Cesarean bringings. It brook be a fiscal onus for society and the national wellness system ( Sword, et al. , 2009 ) .World- broad eminent rate of cesarean bringings are a affair of concern to international public wellness due to its effects on enate and youngster wellness and the associated socio-economic effects on society.Literature reappraisal shows, high place of cesarean delivers among all distaff parents irrespective of age, ethnicity, gestational age and medical checkup puzzle ( Menacker, et al. , ( 2006 ) and MacDorman, et al. , ( 2008 ) . None the less concerns have been raised over the high cesarean fork out rates that go beyond the World health Organization s ( WHO ) suggested rate of 15 % and its likely mishaps to the mat ernal and antenatal wellness ( Wendy Sword, et Al 2009 ) .In order to retain this progressive rise in rate of workman bringings, a e fagate analysis of the figures lending to this sum is required. Many epidemiological surveies have been conducted in assorted states to find the factors responsible for the planetary rise in Cesarean subdivisions. Datas analysis from different surveies found a figure of medical and non-medical factors that are responsible for the plus of cesarean bringings both in substantial and developing states. Medical factors accountable are raise in maternal age, high organic structure mass index ( BMI ) and alterations in medical pattern as explained by Tollanes ( 2009 ) . Tollanes ( 2009 ) determine maternal penchants improper pregnancy attention and fright of legal action among accoucheurs are major not medical ground for high prevalence of cesarean subdivisions.However, supervising the overall rate may non be helpful in complete downing unneeded ces arean subdivisions. It may be more utile to descry and take at subgroups of adult females in whom undue cesarean subdivisions could be avoided. To categorise subgroups of adult females who could be notice for possible incident of cesarean bringings, a figure of surveies have been conducted in many states. An analytical survey was carried out in Latin America by, World Health Organization ( WHO, 2004-2005 ) ( Betran, et al. , 2009 ) . In this analysis two subgroups of female parents were identified to lend high rates of in effect(predicate) bringings that need to be monitored more closely. These subgroups include adult females with a individual full term cephalic gestation ( a ) with a history of old cesarean delivery and ( B ) those female parents who had c-deliveries aft(prenominal)ward initiation of industry or who had elected cesarean deliveries ( Villar, et al. , 2006 ) .Numerous surveies have focused on familial heritage of medical factors responsible for complications of gestation and its conduces ( Rolv T, 2007 ) . A argus-eyed survey of non- medical find factors may let us to place grounds for the increasing rates of unneeded Caesarean bringings which are harmonised to alter. In order to measure these non- medical hazard factors and their familial heritage within the coevalss and across the coevalss sort of a few surveies have been conducted ( Vernal, et al. , 1996 and berg-Lekas, et al. , 1997 ) .Study designThis survey aimed to place not medical hazard factors for elected cesarean subdivisions and their biological heritage within house foxs. Using cultivations from Norway is valuable if an apprehension is to be developed of the increasing operative bringing rates, specifically within this state but potentially in other contexts as good.In this design a population-based randomness from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway ( MBRN ) was used and a retrospective- age bracket of singleton unrecorded borne full term gestations was established with the aid of national designation figure. A cohort of 440236 grandmother-parent social units and 275001 same sex full siblings units were constructed from singleton birth registered in the MBRN during 1967-2005. Out of 440236 grandmas -parent units, 261156 were being identified with a female neonate and 179080 with a male advanced born, who became female parent and male parent subsequently in lifespan. For the same sex full sibling unit 153085 braces of full sisters and 121916 braces of full brothers out of 275001 with their first birth were compared. In instance of grandma -parent units merely the first birth of each female parent and male parent was detect but female parents and male parents themselves were allowed to be of any birth order. To look into the familial heritage to non- medical factors, units with high hazard factors for cesarean subdivision were ruled out and low hazard subgroups of grandmas -parents units and full sibling units of sisters and brothers were c onstructed. Log binomial arrested development conjectural accounts were used for statistical analysis in this survey to mensurate the comparative hazards. In instance of grandmother- parents units the exposure was grandmother presenting parents by cesarean and result was cesarean bringing for parents first kid. While in instance of full siblings unit the exposure was upwind older siblings first babe was born by cesarean bringing and result was measured by cesarean bringing in younger siblings first kid.In this survey at that place has been a clear do-gooder in primary cesarean bringing without a medical or obstetric indicant. While confusing has been minimized as a consequence of the full try-on of all aetiologic factors at every phase of analysis, there may however be residuary confounding.Present work mired two separate analyses. First analysis compared manner of birth of first kid in all female parents and male parents borne by c- bringings to the all female parents and male parents borne by vaginal bringings in both high hazard and low hazard parents. Consequences of this survey showed female parents borne by cesarean subdivisions due to complications of gestation and labor had 55 % higher hazard of cesarean bringings than female parents borne by vaginal bringings. A 95 % assurance interval ( 1.48-1.62 ) seems to be rather serious and demonstrated fond statistical grounds of associations with the relevant result.In instance of female parents borne by cesarean delivery after a low hazard gestation consequences showed twice the hazard of giving birth by cesarean subdivision. A wider spread in assurance interval minimizes the value of comparative results and its cooperation in wider population.Strengths of the survey hotshot of the chief strength of the survey is the proviso of a big sample, which means that there is satisfactory possible to observe dinky but clinically critical associations. Another advantage of this survey is usage of a cohort design as compared to a series of cross-sectional surveies that would necessitate to take on new members for each survey. Cohort survey is quicker and cheaper as less proficient staff is required to bundle up informations. in that location is no demand to follow persons over clip because all the information is already available so there is less opportunity of loss of contact and lose valuable information.In these analyses the exposure and outcome step is likely to be accurate since the accoucheuse and medical staff involved in the bringing is responsible for entering this information informations instantly after the birth.More confidence can be found in the truth of the collected informations because participants were non required to remember events for long periods of clip. These theoretical accounts are simple in design but let the geographic expedition of the hazard factors which may electric shock the whole community. These are called incident surveies.Restrictions of the sur veyAlthough this analysis is typical by analyzing a countrywide information of pregnant adult females and their comparative results, it has several restrictions. First, the truth of the collected information is hard to measure for all factors. It is more likely, that clinical pattern may hold altered or new factors may hold emerged, that influence manner of bringing. Several features of single adult females ( such as para, maternal age, and weight addition during gestation ) have been quoted in the literature as being associated with Caesarean subdivision. Joseph, et al. , ( 2003 ) investigated that alterations in maternal features and obstetrical pattern may lend to recent addition in c- subdivision prevalence. If these factors can be identified it may bespeak cardinal countries that could be targeted to command Cesarean subdivision rates. However, the variables identified in these theoretical accounts are every bit applicable to current clinical pattern.Data recorded over a long p eriod of clip may besides be apt to alterations in definitions and coding systems. bite the quality and completeness of recorded information is important for a cohort survey design. Particularly in a retrospective cohort study the research prole goes back in clip to specify unresolved and unexposed groups and re-evaluate medical records to follow participants for outcomes. As everyday information systems are planned to function as surveillance, and non a research survey, some informations may be losing or inaccurate.Another disadvantage of everyday informations may non be able to supply all the necessary information on other of import hazard factors under probe which, if unaccounted for may take to bias.Northam and Knapp, ( 2006 )Comparison with other surveiesThis research adds to old work on tendencies and an aetiological factor associated with C- subdivision and on the whole has similar findings. In all analyses, maternal and fetal hazard factors ( such as, maternal age, placent a previa, gestational diabetes, eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, macrosomia and many more ) were found to be on an individual basis associated with increase rates of Cesarean subdivision. These have the possibility of maternal and fetal heritage, which is in maintaining with other surveies. ( Lie RT, 2007 Plunkett J, 2008 Onsrud L Onsrud M, 1996 ) .There are several socio- pagan and environmental factors acknowledged in the literature relate with C- subdivision has non been confirmed by this research. For case, many surveies have found societal category, nature of employment, and educational attainment, to be associated with Caesarean subdivision, none of which were observed to hold independent associations with manner of bringing in these analyses. This position has been supported by the work of Tollan, et al. , ( 2007 ) , who draw the association betwixt cesarean subdivisions and maternal societal background. Consequences of the survey showed that degree of instruction is recip rocally tie in to the hazard of cesarean bringings. Similar findings have been observed by Torun, et al. , ( 2006 ) sing socio-economic position of adult females and related hazards to the gestation outcomes. Giulia, et al. , ( 2008 ) explored the function of societal category and consequence of educational grade on cesarean bringings in Italy. This research besides concluded female parents from lower societal category and with lower educational effect are more likely to present by cesarean subdivisions than female parents with higher educational degrees.On the other manus some surveies found a direct association between high cesarean subdivision rates and high socio economic place. Found C -deliveries are more commonplace among those low hazard nulliparous female parents, who are good educated, belong to high socio economic category and have best surplus to prenatal attention. In UK, NHS obstetrician identified that 1.5 % of all C -sections are recognizing to maternal life styl e and picks in the absence of any clear medical indicant. This has been suggested due to the tendencies in several noted person adult females to give birth by elected cesarean delivery as these female parents are excessively classy to force ( Postnote, 2002, p.2 ) . Lei, et al. , ( 2003 ) stated adult females s medical insurance, societal position and penchants, are implicative for a considerable addition in rates of elected Caesarean bringings in China.The continuously high rates of elected Cesarean subdivision ( ECS ) performed at a adult female s petition in the absence of a recognized obstetrical indicant, is going progressively common in the virtually developed states. ( Gamble and Creedy, 2000 ) . McCourt, et al. , ( 2007 ) reviewed published literature refering maternal petition for elected cesarean delivery and observed a really little figure of adult females bespeaking for cesarean bringings. The research worker evident a scope of non-medical grounds, such as the adult female s fright of kid birth, her desire to give birth on a lucky day of the month or clip, or her apprehension that an operative bringing would salvage the babe s encephalon from injury or injury. Weaver, et al. , ( 2007 ) observed similar association between psychosocial factors and maternal petition for cesarean bringings in UK.However, these surveies contain no clear information whether these cesarean deliveries were the consequence of maternal petition or because of physician recommendation. More research is needed to find the factors associated with maternal penchants, obstetrician pattern form, and institutional civilization, personal and societal grounds that affect the tendency to hold a cesarean bringing.In the instance of ethnicity and race, the survey country has no cognition of cultural minorities and this may hold underpowered this portion of the analyses. Evaluation from different surveies showed linkage between cultural and racial subgroups and maternal and neonatal results. This position has been supported in the work of Johnson, et al. , ( 2005 ) . Vangen, et al. , ( 2000 ) found a significant fluctuation in cesarean delivery rates among different cultural communities in Norway. Similar consequences have been described by Robertson, et al. , ( 2005 ) sing hazard of non vaginal bringings and female parent s state of birth. This could be explained by fluctuations in proviso and usage of wellness services by commonwealth of different socio cultural beginning as described by Berkin ( 1990 ) . NY, et al. , ( 2007 ) observed tantamount findings in the usage of wellness services by people of different cultural background in Sweden.For the other factors, this research has minimized confounding and suggests that they are non independently associated with manner of bringing in the survey population. Maternal tallness and weight are one of the of import hazard factors non verified in this analysis. McEvoy and Visscher, ( 2009 ) both described eighty p er centum of human growing is under familial control suggestive of resemblances and fluctuations in tallness and weight between relations.Many surveies summarise that both familial and environmental factors regulate the human tallness and weight in different populations ( letter, et al. , 2008 ) . Similarly strong familial association for organic structure mass index and human pinnacle was found by Sammalisto, et al. , ( 2009 ) . Letter ( 2009 ) highlighted the engagement of cistrons in difference in grownup tallness and stature. Work of Hirscohhorn and Letter, ( 2009 ) besides provides valuable information sing biological heritage of human growing and familial fluctuations in tallness within a population.Several surveies conducted in developed states have found that pre- gestation fleshiness, a turning social tendency, is associated with an increased likeliness of maternal and fetal complications responsible for cesarean subdivisions. Harmonizing to these surveies overweight femal e parents are more likely to hold preeclampsia, gestational high blood pressure, fetal congenital anomalousnesss, macrosomia, and gestational diabetes, and cervical dystocia, initiation of labor and cesarean bringings. Similar tendencies are described by Bhattacharya, et al. , ( 2007 ) and Crane, et al. , ( 2009 ) . This position is besides supported by Satpathy, et al. , ( 2008 ) who canvass the inauspicious consequence of fleshiness related to complications during gestation and labor. Poobalan, et Al. , ( 2009 ) found that hazard of cesarean bringings could be more than double in fleshy adult females as compared to female parents with normal BMI. Young and Woodmansee, ( 2002 ) found increased BMI and weight addition are more likely associated with CPD and failure to come on in nulliparous adult females. Mollar, Lindmark ( 1997 ) evaluated the relationship of maternal tallness to obstructed labor and cesarean bringings. Kara, et al. , ( 2005 ) stated that short maternal stature is associated with an increased incidence of obstructed labors due to cephalopelvic disproportion ( CPD ) .CPD is still a major obstetric hazard factor for maternal and infant mortality in many parts of the universe where operative bringings are non quick available. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) about 529,000 maternal deceases occurs throughout the universe per twelvemonth and obstructed labor is one of the major obstetrical factor responsible for these maternal mortalities ( WHO, 2005 ) . Hoefmeyr ( 2004 ) identified an eight per centum of maternal mortalities are due to obstructed labor. To look into the hazard factors for C-Section due to CPD a survey was conducted by Khunpradit, et al. , ( 2005 ) .Who observed maternal tallness less than 150 centimeter and weight more than 15 kilogram is significantly related to increased hazard of CPD. Scott, et al. , ( 1998 ) found short statured adult females are more likely to hold hazard of C-sections for CPD than the taller female parents.Variations in maternal pelvic sizes and forms and foetal sizes could be explained by biological heritage in different populations.This is described by Vernal, et al. , ( 1996 ) that female parents who are being borne by cesarean bringings themselves due to cephalopelvic disproportion ( CPD ) are at a greater hazard to hold CPD subsequently in their lives. Berg-Lekas, et al. , ( 1998 ) observed opportunities of operative bringings between coevalss and within coevalss by comparing mother-daughter units, sister units and duplicate sister units and found a important uneven ratio between them. These happening show familial heritage to CPD, perchance through familial effects on female parents pelvic girdle dimension or foetal weight. Lunde, et al. , ( 2007 ) explained maternal and foetal familial factors responsible for fluctuation in caput perimeter, birth tallness and weight within households. Beaty, ( 2007 ) Heritability of little size maternal pelvic girdles a nd big size fetus could be another account of familial sensitivity of operative bringings.Finally, this information did non hold any information about institutional features, as caseful of infirmary, and type of professionals go toing the births. J, et al. , ( 2009 ) studied the relationship between societal category and type of pregnancy services used by urban occupant in southern Europe and found high rates of cesarean subdivisions among high societal category presenting in private infirmaries. Potter, et al. , ( 2009 ) ( 2001 ) stated that in Brazil, higher rates of c- subdivision were among adult females delivered in private pregnancy units as compared to public infirmaries. Almeida, et al. , ( 2009 ) observed similar findings and suggested that most of the cesarean deliveries were scheduled harmonizing to adult females s or doctors convenience and showed no clear medical excuse for the process.DecisionsDespite the survey design and methods this research reflect that there are increasing cesarean delivery rates in low hazard population. These analyses have verified assorted of import prenatal hazard factors for elected cesarean bringings and highlighted their familial association. In add-on, these findings can be utile for early designation and focussing of high hazard female parents sing their penchants to different bringing methods. These findings can be incorporated into public and private pregnancy attention sectors, medical managers, and decision makers in early hazard appraisal and strategical direction.More surveies are required to widen the range of possible biological heritage of non medical hazard factors and their correlativity with socio cultural background. Further research is needed sing maternal petitions and penchants about child birth including information about picks and knowledge relation to the usage of intercession and its long term outcomes. An appropriate methodological analysis should be used to detect maternal satisfaction with labor and bringing attention and interactions between patients and attention suppliers. A comprehensive survey of cultural tendencies within obstetrical pattern and methods used for describing cesarean subdivision rates in the state or infirmary which have changed over clip, should be conducted. Surveies associating to supporting agreements and policy guidelines of the infirmaries, medical organisations and wellness sections should be observed. In drumhead, greater attending demands to be given to the socio-economic, cultural, medical and political position of pregnancy attention.In decision, the information in this survey is important for those who intend to cut down Cesarean subdivision rates, as it allows early sensing of adult females at a high hazard for surgical intercession. Finally, these happening can help in the development and execution of better schemes to counter unneeded c- subdivisions and to cut down the cost of attention in wellness system with readjustment of e lection allotment harmonizing to population demands.

The Luxury Food Service Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Aerodynamics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aerodynamics - Assignment Exampledepicts that if the besiege angle is large enough the travel oscillates until a critical angle is exceeded beyond,which the lee-side wing will get down vortex lift off caused by asymmetric flow conditions (Lewis, pp.145-213). Large undamping causes a rapid build-up of wing-rock bountifulness until a damping action is caused by the vortex breakdown on the windward wing, which lowers the net damping until it reaches zeroIt limits the cycle oscillations find and predicted by lattice vortex manners. Bearing friction is overcome without the undamping generated from vortex lift off ascribable to the increased wing area that increases the vortex-induced rolling moment.Predictions of unsettled induced drag are important in flexible aircraft dynamics and flapping applications in which the aerodynamics forces plays a crucial role. The suction force out-of-pocket to the leading edge balances the steady case components of pressure force in a free-stream direction. Moreover, within an unsteady case thrust or drag might develop depending on the details provided in the case. Vortex-lattice method requires inclusion of singularities and resolves the average aerodynamic surface for the unsteady force component given in Bernoullis equivalenceThe VLM attempts to predict the behavior of various components of the plane to the entropy obtained in a wind tunnel. This method produces data that is in agreement with the data for the neutral point location, lift and moment curve slopes at Mach 0.2. When canvas the effects of canard using VLM it when the canard is above the wing then the neutral point is independent of the canard height. Moreover, when the canard is below the wing then neutral point varies with the canard height.The effects of the number of panels range from 120 to 240 panels and ought to be provided in hostel to obtain converged results.VLM has the best results when many span-wise stations are employed in conjunction with a relatively low number of chord-wise panels. The use of VLM in

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Essay ExampleElizabeth Stanton was born in 1815 in New York. She received the best education that was available during the time, in an academy but had declination for not getting full- fledged college education. She got drawn to her husband to be who was a player in politics as well as reform, the world she was much more interested in. After marriage in the 1840, both(prenominal) had their honeymoon in London where they had to attend the antislavery gathering of the world. It is in this convention where Mrs. Stanton met Lucretia Mott, who was a leaders female abolitionist in America and they started studying the Anglo American womens justlys traditions. The efforts of Elizabeth Cady Stanton assisted in transport about the 19th amendment eventual passing, which made it possible for every citizen to possess a voting right (A+E NETWORKS, 2015). In the year 1848, Elizabeth Stanton assisted in the organization of the worlds first rights convention of women , with her counterpart Susan Antony. Mott became reluctant but Mrs. Stanton persisted on inclusion of woman suffrage right in the in the conventions resolutions. Cady Stanton came to meet the lady by the name Susan Antony in the year 185i, ad both of them created a long life partnership on the basis of their dedication to liberation of women.

Convincing Irans leadership to stop its nuclear program Assignment

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How can information systems help achieve operational excellence Essay

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Superbugs and misusage of antibiotics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Superbugs and misusage of antibiotics - Essay ExampleHowever, the common white plagued of antibiotics is for bacterial vindication. The discovery of antibiotics was only possible in the 19th century (History Learning Site 2013). One of the primary(prenominal) contributors to the development of antibiotics was Alexander Fleming. He accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928 from a culture plate of staphylococcus bacteria (FAS n.d.). The culture plate had been left unattended during a two weeks vacation and became invested with Penicillium notatum deflect (FAS n.d.). In the plate, he noted there was a clear space surrounding the yellow jet-propelled plane mould. The observation led to a postulate that Penicillin was capable of limiting bacteria growth (FAS n.d.). In subsequently periods, other researchers took over and were able to purify penicillin. Moreover, there was more production of penicillin in pharmaceuticals industries for treatment of soldiers during gentleman War II (FAS n.d.). Consequently, penicillin was use upd in the treatment of pneumonia, diphtheria, syphilis, gonorrhoea, and many other infections (FAS n.d.). Since this period, there has been the emergence of respective(a) antibiotics. On the other hand, there has been increased use of antibiotics in hospitals and patients. As a result, the constant use and reliance on antibiotics have led to their vilification. Consequently, this has led to antibiotics resistance with disastrous consequences to the community and health sh are sector. One of such bacteria is Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The bacteria have been popular especially in British hospitals. A study carried out showed that MRSA bacteria in the United Kingdom were more than 15 times as compared to the safest countries (Marsh 2013). A reflection on MRSA helps in highlighting its impact, ways of spread, treatment, prevention and domain health participation by society and politician. The antibiotic resista nce has become an area of concern. The resistance occurs when strains of bacteria in the human or animal body becomes resistant to antibiotics due to poor use and abuse of antibiotics (American College of Physicians (ACP) 2013). Some of the resistance develops in hospitals. This is because in hospitals, there is usually administration of millions of doses of antibiotics in a day (ACP 2013). As a result, there is increased chance of developing resistance in hospital as compared to other sectors. Moreover, some of the prescription may be faulty. This may occur as the limits prescribe the use of antibiotics for cold, coughs and other viral infections (Pechere 2001). On the other hand, there are those individuals that demand physicians to authorize the use of antibiotics honest because of common cold. Moreover, other gets antibiotics over the counter. Consequently, most of antibiotics are taken for control of viral infection kind of of bacterial disease. Therefore, failure to test by physicians leads to increased dose of antibiotics taken for viral disease. Consequently, majority of antibiotics are abused and misused. On the other hand, failure to complete the dosage of antibiotics as prescribed by doctor lead to the development of resistance (ACP 2013). Therefore, the improper use and abuse of antibiotics has contributed significantly to the development of antibiotic resistance (ACP 2013). Various types of superbug have emerged today. One example is the Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE) (Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) 2000). However, its puzzle arose in 1996 as it was in hospital patients in Australia (ABC