Birthing Cermonies Of Other Cultures Essay -- essays research papers

Birthing Cermonies of Other CulturesThe birthing ceremonies of the Indian culture has a lot ofdifferent aspects then the American culture does. I guess that is why they aredifferent cultures. All cultures have different views on different things suchas religion, but they also share the similar as well for example every culture hassome form of the family. This is what helps most cultures understand othercultures. In the Indian culture their view of livery a child into the worldis much different then the American cultures view.In the Indian culture there are a lot of preparations that gointo getting the parents and the community ready for the new member. Theirculture does more than work with the child before they are even innate(p). First of allplans are do for them so they know who is going to be there to witness thechild being born into their society. They are usually the grandparents, therepresentatives, and the Godparents that were selected by the parents and therepresentative s. The mother is to keep on working as she did before the baby isborn. They say that this shows the child the importance of work in their culture.During the pregnancy, around the seventh month, the mother introduces the babyto the natural world. She does this by taking walks in the fields and over thehills. They believe that the baby is consciously taking all of this in toprepare him/her for life within that culture.When the baby is born none of the mothers children should bearound. The only people there are the ones that were chosen by therepresentatives and the parents. If someone can not make it then someone pass onhave to fill in for them. The only people besides children who are not allowedto see are the single women. The only way that they can go out is if there isno one else to go. There has to be three couples at the birth of the child, thechild doesnt just belong to the parents but to the community as well. It isconsidered to be a scandal if an Indian women goes to a hosp ital to have a baby.For the mothers other children there are not to know where orhow the baby is born. solely the three couples know where the child is born. Thechildren are told that a baby has arrived and they can not see their mother foreight days. After the baby is born the placenta has to be burned at a certaintime. If the baby was born at night then it is burned at eight in the mo... ... sleep with more men thensomeone else did. In our society I believe we want to treat everyone the samebut to me it doesnt seem like we are doing a very good job of it.My next story is about another initiation but this is into atribe of headhunters. The psychometric test began when they had him lay down in a pit ofcarnivorous ants. He had to lay there until they gave him a signal to get upbecause it was over. The test doesnt stop there next was he had to go into thewoods without any weapons or food and survive for three days and nights whilethree headhunters are hunting you down. If you fail this part of the test thenthey do a ritual using your head, but if you pass you are finally allowed tojoin them as headhunters.They apply gender roles kind of like we did. The male has to bestrong and not a coward whereas the female is dependent on the male. In oursociety we have a lot of initiations that go on like for clubs, sorority,fraternity, but none of them are usually this much based on courage most of themare based on embarrassing you. I think that these four stories show you how yoursociety is not the only one and also it is not the best but just different fromall of the others.

Casinos Essay -- essays research papers

CasinosCasinos have become a form of entertainment for gazillions of Americans. In fact, Las Vegas, considered to be the home of casino gambling, is third only to Disneyworld and New York for tourism with 260 million visitors yearly. While it is true that casinos generate billions of dollars in revenues hardly any of that makes it back to the topical anaesthetic economy as promised by the lobbyists to have casinos built in a city. Effects on local economies include construction jobs are created as well as hospitality jobs within the casino. While it is true jobs are created though usually they go to people outside the communities. The lobbyists for these huge casino companies state that it go out also revive a dying economy if they allow casino gambling in their cities. Contrary to this claim though, Atlantic City has the highest unemployment rate in New Jersey. They claim restaurants, movie theaters, and other local businesses will eudaimonia when exactly the opposite is true. Who is going to eat a local restaurant when the casino is offering free meals and drinks to gamblers. By 1996, Atlantic City casinos were devoting 318 million dollars to promotional food and drinks. Also in Atlantic City, over 900 of the 2100 small businesses there closed and the number of local restaurants was reduced from 243 to 146. Richard Byron, President of the Federal Reserve banking concern of Boston, describes gambling expenditures as Money Extracted From Other Consumer Spending. When casinos come into a small community such as Atlantic City or Biloxi the people sustentation in that community start to go there for entertainment instead of movie theaters, restaurants and other places they used to go to before. In 1994, more people went to the casinos than went to major(ip) league baseball parks and more money was spent on casinos than books, albums, and theme parks. It also affects real estate values, in Atlantic city the fair cost of a house dropped 24,000.00 after the casinos were built and 11,000.00 for cities close to Atlantic City. The reason for this may be because of increasing crime rates. The casinos would have everyone believe there is no change in crime statistics after they come in but this is not true. The American Insurance Institute estimates that 40% of all washrag collar crimes have their roots in gambling. Compulsive gamblers will bet until they have nothing left savings, family assets, person... ...age wage and exceed average wages of several(prenominal) other industries. Furthermore the casino gaming industry creates additional jobs in the number of domestic supplier businesses. But at what price? The state and local governments lose on this deal. Compulsive gamblers cost the state an enormous amount of money each year, and with the number of problem gamblers growing with the casinos this is a problem that will not go away. The illegal gaming market is so enormous that its profits each year, surpass that of the top 100 America n corporations combining. This includes IBM, all the self-propelled industries, and many more. The gambling industry makes a lot of promises it knows will not be fulfilled. But, once the revenues are tasted by the local governments they can never make back. The casinos have lobbyists in Washington as well as local levels. Its not like the old days of bookies and craps houses, now its huge business. The owners of the casinos are the same owners of movie companies as well as amusement parks, they are all just forms of entertainment to them. If people could learn to gambling responsibly then there really wouldnt be much harm but when you NEED to win you have already lost.

Operations Management Theory: Reconciling Capacity and Demand Essay

Question 3 Draw on appropriate Operations Management theory, concepts and frameworks to come across how your organization, or an organization with which you are familiar, reconciles capacity and demand.Information technology services industry is a exceedingly competitive cost based operation sphere where availability of resources, tangible and intangible is key to successful projects. This makes a significant challenge to accurately reconcile capacity and demand. OpenText is a leader in providing green light content counsel solutions and we will analyse consulting services provided in the European market along with effect on demand with todays ever-changing economic environment.Slack et al (2009, p.248) defines relationship between capacity and demand asCapacity is the output that an operation (or single process) can deliver in a defined unit of duration. Demand is the quantity of products and services that customers request from an operation or process at any point in time.Mana ging capacity is an on-going effort in the industry by reducing cost through repeat business from existing customer and by engaging new-fangled potential customers This while managing customer expectations and ensuring quality of service. Customer engagement and service delivery are key to OpenTexts economic competiveness in the market. Employee development and attracting highly skilled individuals to the organisation are essential in delivering quality service. When considering potential projects, OpenText need to know the resource availability to perform the tasks. This demand for resources is weighted against who is in stock(predicate) (capacity) to determine if additional resources are required to meet the demand and if required what types of resources are needed... ...ly uncertainty. IIE Transactions 34 717-728.Slack, N., Chambers, S., Johnston, R., Betts, A.,(2009). Operations and process management Second edition. Harlow Pearson instruction LimitedRoth, A.V. and Velde ,M V D.(1991), Operations As Marketing A Competitive Service Strategy, Journal of Operations Management ,Vol. 10 ,No. 3,pp 303-328Chiang, W. K. and Feng, Y. (2007). The value of nurture sharing in the presence of supply uncertainty and demand volatility. International Journal of Production Research, 45 (6), 1429-1447.Hum,Sin Hoon (2000), A Hayes-Wheelwright framework approach for strategic management of thrid party logistics services,Integrated Manufacturing Systems,Vol .11/2,pp 132-137Buxey,G.(1993). Production planning and scheduling for seasonal demand. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 13(7),4-21.

Half of a Yellow Sun Essay -- Analysis, Chimamanda Ngozi Adiche

To go to war is to engage in a fight with an some other Nation. Many view war as being an appropriate action that can only solve problems. Others believe that war is a violent action that leads to nothing but casualties. In the article, Regarding the twirl of Others Susan Sontag writes about the torture soldiers are inflicting on prisoners. Some torture was done so brutally that the some of the soldiers deem that acts as correct and in the cultivate seem to try to dehumanize the victims. The bush administration considered torture as being mistreatment not evil. The Blog Military Blog by Zachary Scott-Singley deals with the day by day life and thoughts of a solider at war. Zachary Scott-Singley is a soldier struggling with the wrong of his actions. At one brain, he believes that the killing of Iraqis is okay, but he past believes it is not. He was torn between he believes is right and not. The story Half of a Yellow Sun by Chimamanda Ngozi Adiche is a story about a young girl and her families struggles during the Nigerian civil war of the 1960s. Her family has pride like much of the people of Biafra. That all changed when her younger brother Obi died, and the family realizes at that point the war was lost. While Sontag still principal(prenominal)tained that war was not bad, she still believed that it was the torture of others that made war such a brutal action. On the other hand, Zachery from military blog was lost trying to find out if War was correct or not. The characters from Half of a Yellow Sun share a belief that war is necessary to defend their nations honor and pride but as the war progresses and it began to affect them they begin to see that the war was not as productive as they hoped it would be. Looking at pictures of war is like l... ...at can come from war. War is seen as a last resource because of all the somatogenetic and mental damage it causes. In the story Half of a Yellow Sun war was seen as a way to gain the respect of a nation, but a s the story progressed the family became affected, and the war that was supposed to benefit did nothing but badly affect them. In the blog Military Blog the main character saw war as a way of defending is nations pride along with protecting his family, but his continuing struggles with his actions kept him from being homelike with his actions. In the article Regarding the torture of others, Sontag saw the war as being a process that was not wrong but that was turned upside coldcock because of the immoral actions of the soldiers. All the characters in each text showed how war changes not just the picture of war but the emotions and reasons that change afterward.

My Brother Sam Is Dead Essay -- essays research papers

My Brother surface-to-air missile is Dead Author by JamesLincoln Collier and Christopher Collier Category HistoricalFiction analysis It starts out in the 1770s during theRevolution War and Samuel Meeker or Sam for short justinterred the room of the tavern and he chimes in toe verybody who is waiting to eat, he comes in saying wherebeating the Lobster Backs. His father, Eliphalet Meeker butcalled Life for short, starts arguing with son. After a whilethey calmed down and change the subject. Finally TimMeeker or sometimes called Timmy, the narrator and one ofthe main two characters of the story in the story goes out tothe barn to milk the cow Old Pru. Witches are one of hisdaily chores and posit Sam to join him. While Tim is milkingOld Pru hes talking to Sam close how has he been latelyand what is he doing back at home. And Sam tells him truth wherefore he is back at home, and its to absorb the Brown Bess.Which is the familys gun and Tim swears that he cant tellMom or Dad. Well i n the morning when Sam trys to get theBrown Bess his father catches him and they get big fightwhether hes going to fight the British or not and finally hisdad throws him out the house. While the Meekers are atChurch, Sam goos back to the Tavern, where his familylives and works and he stills the Brown Bess. Well later onthe Rebels or the patriots or now called the Americans.Went threw the town of Redding. Which is where theMeekers live. They where going door to door. victoriouspeoples guns and goods. When they came to the Tavernthey where demanding for in that location gun. They wouldnt believethat there son stole it and took it with him to the Rebelscamp and they wouldnt believe him cause it was Toriterritory and that they where threatening to kill Life if theydidnt give them there gun. therefore Tim ran out the door and heran to go get Colonel Read. Since he knew that Sam was aRebel and colonel pick out was a colonel for the Rebels, butwhen he got to where he was he saw Sam wit h the Gunsleeping with it. Then he snatched it and started running backto his house and when he was half way there Sam woken upand was yelling him to stop but he wouldnt stop, but sinceSam was older and bigger he caught Tim right as they reachthe town of Redding. Then Tim had to explain what hadhappen and Sam didnt want to go back but he went withTim just in cas... ... was a well written book itwas very detail and good storywriter but the end didnt havea big enough bain. Like it just made it like a leaden termination butall the way up to where Tim goes crazy on the Rebels. Healso kind of fueled you which is kinda good when u first readthis tittle you think the British killed Sam when it wasRebels. what kinda sucked closely it is that they dragged outto the end. which made you know whats going to happenwhen ending came. thats why it was so dull cause I was onthe last page and Sam still hasnt been killed yet so I knewright away what was going to happen. Recommendations Iwould rec ommend this if you want to study the sight affectsof the war. but if your like me and youre proud to be anAmerican, Patriot, or a Rebel then I wouldnt read this ittalks about how bad it was for the Rebels to go war for nogood reason. When in fact it was cause later we became thegreatest country in the whole wide world. Everything aboutthis country is so much better than anything else so thatswhy IM proud to be an American. Copyrights 1974 toJames Lincoln Collier and Christopher Collier. of Pages211 pages including the Epilogue

My Brother Sam Is Dead Essay -- essays research papers

My Brother Sam is Dead Author by JamesLincoln Collier and Christopher Collier course of instruction HistoricalFiction Summary It starts out in the 1770s during theRevolution War and Samuel Meeker or Sam for short justinterred the room of the tavern and he chimes in toeverybody who is waiting to eat, he comes in saying wherebeating the Lobster Backs. His father, Eliphalet Meeker butcalled Life for short, starts arguing with son. After a whilethey calmed down and change the subject. finally TimMeeker or sometimes called Timmy, the narrator and one ofthe main two characters of the story in the story goes out tothe barn to milk the cow Old Pru. Witches be one of hisdaily chores and ask Sam to join him. While Tim is milkingOld Pru hes talking to Sam about how has he been latelyand what is he doing back at home. And Sam tells him truthwhy he is back at home, and its to get the Brown Bess.Which is the familys gun and Tim swears that he cant tellMom or Dad. Well in the morning when Sam t rys to get theBrown Bess his father catches him and they get big fightwhether hes going to fight the British or not and finally his pop throws him out the house. While the Meekers are atChurch, Sam goos back to the Tavern, where his familylives and works and he stills the Brown Bess. Well later onthe Rebels or the patriots or now called the Americans.Went threw the townsfolk of Redding. Which is where theMeekers live. They where going door to door. Takingpeoples guns and graves. When they came to the Tavernthey where demanding for there gun. They wouldnt believethat there son stole it and took it with him to the Rebelscamp and they wouldnt believe him cause it was Toriterritory and that they where threatening to violent death Life if theydidnt give them there gun. Then Tim ran out the door and heran to go get Colonel Read. Since he knew that Sam was aRebel and colonel read was a colonel for the Rebels, butwhen he got to where he was he saw Sam with the Gunsleeping with it. Then h e snatched it and started running backto his house and when he was half way there Sam woken upand was yelling him to stop but he wouldnt stop, but sinceSam was older and bigger he caught Tim right as they reachthe town of Redding. Then Tim had to explain what hadhappen and Sam didnt want to go back but he went withTim just in cas... ... was a wellhead written book itwas very detail and good storywriter but the end didnt havea big enough bain. Like it just made it identical a dull result butall the way up to where Tim goes crazy on the Rebels. Healso kind of fueled you which is kinda good when u first readthis tittle you think the British killed Sam when it wasRebels. what kinda sucked about it is that they dragged outto the end. which made you know whats going to happenwhen ending came. thats why it was so dull cause I was onthe last page and Sam still hasnt been killed yet so I knewright out what was going to happen. Recommendations Iwould recommend this if you want to study the sight affectsof the war. but if your like me and youre proud to be anAmerican, Patriot, or a Rebel then I wouldnt read this ittalks about how bad it was for the Rebels to go war for nogood reason. When in fact it was cause later we became thegreatest country in the whole wide world. Everything aboutthis country is so much better than anything else so thatswhy IM proud to be an American. Copyrights 1974 toJames Lincoln Collier and Christopher Collier. of Pages211 pages including the epilogue

Todd Gitlin Summary on Media

Todd Gitlin is a not competent author born in New York City. He attended the University of California at Berkeley, where he received a PhD in sociology and was heavily involved in the Students for a Democratic Society group. Gitlin is right off a professor at New York University where he teaches culture, journalism, and sociology. Gitlins selection, Supersaturation, or, The Media Torrent and Disposable Feeling, comes from his book Media Unlimited How the Torrent of Images and Sounds Overwhelms Our Lives (2001).In this selection, Gitlin describes how cloistered lives and domestic spaces reach evolved from the seventeenth-century until promptly. He feels as though our once closed-door households are now dominated by other servicemanly things in the form of media. thither are many ideas in Todd Gitlins writings that guard his view of our media influenced earthly concern, two of which, are the ideas of supersaturation and disposable feeling. According to dictionary. com the defi nition of supersaturation is to increase the concentration of (a solution) beyond saturation.Gitlin uses the word supersaturation to describe the way todays orbit has completely absorbed the media and its relations. Society has go bad immersed in the gossip and images displayed by the media. The lines between living space and working space are no longitudinal as distinct as they used to be. Gitlin states that, the outside world has entered the home with vengeance in the profusion of media (Gitlin 558). Relating to this same concept, Gitlin uses the idea of disposable feeling to explain the way people of today are able to move from one worldly image to the next, one piece of gossip to another, with no concern.We are able to shrug them off and come back to them later if we choose to do so. In some of Gitlins research, he refers to the writings of analyst Raymond Williams who states, What we have now is drama as habitual experience, more in a week, in many cases, than most human o rganisms would previously have seen in a living (Gitlin 559). We have become immune to true feelings for individual images and stories, and thrive on the idea of the next gossip that will follow. In this selection of the book, Gitlin discusses a seventeenth-century Dutch painter by the name of Vermeer.Vermeer was known for being able tofreeze instants, but instants that spoke of the relative constancy of the world in which his subjects lived (Gitlin 558). People collected Vermeers paintings for display throughout their homes. Gitlin sees Vermeer as the seventeenth-century version of the media. In that time, the images painted were relative to the peoples era and private world. In todays world Vermeer would be the equivalent to a celebrity photographer or movie director.If Vermeer, or any other artist of his time, were to see todays households, they would uprise that the once private space inside the home is now much more dominated by images of the outside world than what would hav e been possible in the 1600s. As mentioned in Gitlins research, statistics show that, watching TV is the dominant leisure activity of Americans, consuming 40 percent of the average persons free time as a primary activity when people give television there undivided attention (Gitlin 560). charge the wealthier parts of poor worlds have access to some sort of media.It would take someone from a third world country to be stunned by the fact that our lives are evermore portrayed through television, radio, internet and other forms of media. People of today come in contact with more information in a single day than any one person of Vermeers time could have ever imagined. The media surrounds our world in every aspect of society. Gitlin notes in his writings that the statistics referenced begettert take into account the billboards, the TVs at bars and on planes, the Muzak in restaurants and shops . . . nd logos whizzing by on the sides of buses and taxis, climbing the walls of buildings , do announcements from caps, bags, T-shirts, and sneakers (Gitlin 563). Thanks to all of the latest technology and communication systems people are able to connect to the outside world whenever we like. In Gitlins conclusion he goes on to explain that our personal opinion is no longer important to the world. People of our time are followers rather than leaders, and are consistently being sucked in to how the media says we should live our lives.Gitlin feels that the way we live our lives, or spend it, (563) determines who we are. Our lives have become completely consumed with technology and the latest electronics. Gitlin argues that even in our most private times we cannot bring ourselves to stay clear of the media. Our life experience has become an experience in the presence of media (Gitlin 563). In seventeenth-century time this degree of media estimateence would be unthinkable. Earls ViewIn my reading of Todd Gitlins Supersaturation, or, the Media Torrent and Disposable Feeling , I have come to the conclusion that I agree with Gitlin on the matter of an raise media presence in todays world. The media has become such a large influence on everything on society. From TV, internet, and cell phones to billboards, magazines, and newspapers, it has become nearly impossible to be media free. Going along with Gitlins opinion on the subject, I agree that even in our seemingly private home lives, we continue to depend on media and other electronic entertainment.In this day and age people are constantly fixated with staying connected with the outside world through the media using saucy phones, emails, news, social networks and sports. As technology continues to advance we become consumed with the idea of having the latest and the best gadgets to keep us linked to media at all times. These gadgets have become part of our daily routine to check on society. People feel lost when they cant check there emails or their status on Facebook.Dinner in a home used to be eatin g at the dining room table and having conversations about your day but has now become sitting in the living room and watching TV. Even children have been affected by this media trend. They watch more TV than reading books. There are TV shows to help them learn rather than reading books for math, science and English. It is clear that the world is being dominated by media. The world has evolved in to a smart, fast pace place where we have to know everything that goes on, not just where we live and whats going on in our lives but the entire world as well. We spend all our money on top of the line, expensive electronics to keep up to date with media and worldly news * Technology continues to advance (walkman mp3 players, tapes raunchy ray) * Constantly fixated on staying connected to the outside world (using smart phones to check email, news, sports) * Has become part of daily routine to check for updates in society * Even watch tv while eating family meals, tvs in restaurants, portabl e computers, ect * Faster growing demand for careers in technology palm

Importance of Securing Items

It would be nice if we were able to wake up, get dressed, and lay out any additional clothes, or uniforms we may need later on in the day. Then go to eat breakfast at a local favorite restaurant getting in and out of your vehicle promptly without care or worry. It would be nice to chat and trade info with your friends and family, or enquire help with someone different on-line. To be able to bugger off back home after a long day of work, and leave the outside world to itself, would be greatHowever, the reality of it all is that doing so in this world, is not only dangerous, but also potentially deadly. For us to be able to function in at onces society requires security measure. And this security is infallible in al most(prenominal) every aspect of life no matter how large or small it may be. Yes, everyone can agree that a vehicle needs to be secured. Without security, criminals are able to climb in, start it up, and drive off. You have just lost your primary form of transportatio n. That leads to delays in work, or even up losing a job.Then trying to get a job would be difficult without a vehicle, making life more and more trying. In todays news, as well as ads, we are informed of the importance of security when it comes to ones home. Criminals and burglars, target locations with no or very bitty security. Large valuable items are easily obtained through this. Even ones life is in potential danger without home security. One of the most important things that need security, whether you are single or a family, is as simple as a desk or groin locker. Almost everything we do distributively day can be found in one.We tend to put car keys, and house keys in a desk or locker. We also tend to grip important paper or receipts from wherever we went or did through the day. Or we may have small items like jewelry, and cash stored away. Without security measures in place, these items would be directly obtainable to anyone. Not only from those that want to take things from you. Not only from those that would take and use your things against you, like your bank info, your social security number to name a few. But also those near to you that you love.A Child can enter an unsecured cabinet and get hands on poisonous cleaning supplies, or medications or even a handgun that may have been meant for protection. It would nearly, if not be the worst to ever happen to escape a child, or other family member, because a locker or desk was unsecured. So it is very important to be ever vigilant in ensuring that your things, especially your wall locker is secured at all times. Start practicing today, and every day. Then you can have one of those days that will be nice to wake up to safe, and sound.

Role of Kamala in Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha

The novel Siddhartha written by Hermann Hesse is a philosophical novel that explores the journey of life and to enlightenment. This is done through and through the narration of the life of a young boy the eponymous Siddhartha by a third-person omniscient narrator. My goal in this essay is to explore the role of the virtually central womanish character in Siddhartha, Kamala. Siddhartha is set in India, the story concurs with the life of Gotama the Buddha and therefore is estimated to take place around the 5th-6th century B. C. M both female characters play a part in Siddharthas journey.Siddharthas m some other, the nameless young woman in the forest that attempts to seduce him and Vasudevas deceased wife. provided the lonesome(prenominal) female character that plays a significant role in the m finish up is Kamala, a courtesan who meets Siddhartha outside the urban center and becomes an influential character. The root say of the name Kamala Kama is the Hindu god of love and d esire this represents her profession and character. Kamala first appeared in the eponymous chapter. Siddhartha meets Kamala outside the city when she was being escorted by her servants. Immediately, Siddhartha is struck by her beauty and decides to find her in the city.He saw beneath high-piled black hair a real fair, very soft, very apt face, bright-red lips like a saucily opened fig, eyebrows well tended and painted in the form of high arches, dark eyes clever and alert. The immediate circumstances in which we meet Kamala flip over us the impression of her being a very beautiful and rich, yet mysterious and untouchable given Siddharthas social and financial situation. He consequently enters the city and asks for her name, Siddhartha learns that she is the renowned courtesan Kamala, who is wealthy and owns a house in the city.His decision to visit Kamala brings about a turning point in the plot where Kamala becomes an object of desire for Siddhartha, and also he views her as s omeone capable of tutoring him in the ways of love. However Kamala initially rejects Siddhartha as he has no possessions and wears frustrate clothing. She does however give Siddhartha a kiss for a poem he performs. He lowered his face to hers, and placed his lips on those lips that were like a newly opened fig. She introduces Siddhartha to Kamaswami, who is a merchant and a regular client of Kamalas.She tells Siddhartha to work with Kamaswami and learn the way of the merchant in order to earn money for himself. This becomes important as Siddhartha does become a successful merchant like Kamaswami changing him into a respected wealthy man. Eventually Kamala accepts him and shows him the world of physical love and sex. Siddhartha learn the art of love he practiced the cult of pleasure, in which more than anywhere else giving and taking become one and the same he chatted with her, lettered from her, gave her advice, received advice.This persists for many years as Kamala continues he r relationship with Siddhartha, but comes to an end when the latter becomes disillusioned with the material world and runs away from the city. Only after Siddhartha leaves the city does Kamala find that she is pregnant with his child and decides to accept no other lovers, the story then leaves Kamala. Kamala returns later when she and her son are on their way to see the anxious(p) Buddha Gotama. By this time Siddhartha has returned to his old ascetic lifestyle living with the ferryman Vasudeva.Whilst resting by the river Kamala is bitten by a poisonous snake, Vasudeva hears her son calling for help and immediately goes to assist. Vasudeva brings Kamala derriere to the hut where Siddhartha recognizes her, and realizes that the boy is his son. Kamala lives only long enough to have one last conversation with Siddhartha before she dies in his arms (The Ferryman chapter). We see Kamala as a temptress who seduces Siddhartha and draws him away from his journey to enlightenment.She does h owever indirectly lead Siddhartha to his enlightenment first by teaching him the values and limitations of the material world, and also by bearing his son who gives Siddhartha the most difficult test on his path. Kamala is the master tutor of the material world, this makes her the opposite of Gotama who is the master tutor of the spiritual world. Whilst Gotama teaches his followers the virtues of patience and interior(a) peace, Kamala focuses on a lifestyle of living in the moment. She also contrasts the Samanas whom Siddhartha has become when he first meets Kamala.The Samanas live without personal property but Kamala demands items much(prenominal) as clothing and jewelry from clients for her courtship. While we see Kamalas relationship with Siddhartha as mutual love, the two never truly love each other. Siddhartha only sees Kamala as a teacher of love and an object of desire, Kamala sees Siddhartha as a skilled lover, a client and a source of income (she does however show gusta tory modality and affection for Siddhartha, as we see in the initial chapters when she gives Siddhartha the opportunity to earn a living in the city).For a long while she sported with Siddhartha, luring him on, repulsing him, forcing his will, encircling him, enjoying his mastery, until he was vanquished and lay exhausted at her side. She treats her relationship with Siddhartha as a part of her profession. However, after Siddhartha leaves and Kamala becomes aware of her pregnancy, she refuses to take another lover. This tells us that she still had a very intimate relationship with Siddhartha.An interesting fact is that despite Siddharthas dislike for teachers (as shown in his conversations with Gotama the Buddha and later with Govinda), he shows a preference towards Kamalas teachings. Towards the very end of her life, Kamala seems to have also found an inner peace. Kamala is described as physically very beautiful and alluring, whilst at the same time being very clever (although we do learn that she cannot read nor write). Her body was as lithe as a jaguars or as a hunters bow. Kamalas most important role in Siddhartha is being Siddharthas mentor in the world of love and as the mother of Siddharthas child.She plays a major role in Siddharthas life as a long-time companion and a lover of sorts. Initially we see her as an obstacle to Siddhartas journey to find enlightenment as she seduces Siddhartha and keeps him from his continuing on his trek, but soon we see that while Siddhartha has experienced much of the spiritual world, he lacks any experience in the material world and is naive to the concepts of love. Here is where we begin to see her as an instructor, a companion and a guide to Siddharthas other side of life (the original being a life of ascetics).Referencehttp//www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=169147

Feminist Contributions Essay

Feminism is a conflict theory which prospects society as male dominated and it seeks to describe, explain and dislodge the position of wo hands in society. Feminism is therefore a theory of womens control and also a political movement. There be different types of feminism, which I will be evaluating in this essay all-inclusive, Radical, Marxist, Black and Postmodernist feminist. Feminists criticise mainstream sociology for being malestream. By contrast, feminists examine society from the viewpoint of women an see their work as part of the struggle once against womens subordination. However, although all feminists oppose womens subordination, there are disagreements among feminists theories about its causes and how to overcome them.Liberal feminists are implicated with the human and civil rights and freedoms of the individual, they believe that all human beings should go for equal rights. In liberal feminism, the concept of society changing itself to adapt to women does not o ccur. Liberal feminists insist that all that is needed to change the status of women is to change existing laws that are unfavorable for women and that this will open up more opportunities for women to prove themselves as equal to the opposite sex, this is referred to as reformism. In addition, liberal feminists reject the idea that biological differences make women less competent or rational than me, nor are men biologically less emotional or nurturing than women are. Liberal feminist Oakley, distinguishes between sex and gender. She claims sex differences are seen as fixed, whereas gender differences vary between cultures and over time.Therefore what is considered a proper role for women in one society or at a specific time may be disapproved of or forbidden in another. According to liberal theorists, sexist attitudes and stereotypical beliefs about gender are culturally constructed and transmitted through socialisation. However, liberal feminism jackpot be seen as a critique of the functionalist view of gender roles. For example, Parsons distinguishes between instrumental and expressive roles. In his view, instrumentals roles such as paid work are taken on by males, while expressive roles such as unpaid domesticated labour and childbearing are taken on by females. On the other hand liberal feminism challenges this view. It argues that men and women are equally capable ofperforming each roles. Radical feminists emerged in the early seventies and its key concept is patriarchate. Radical feminists have three key jousts patriarchy is universal as male domination of women is evident in all societies.Firestone argues that the origins of patriarchy lie in womens biological capacity to bear and care for infants, as a result of this women become dependent on men. The second argument is that patriarchy is the primary and most fundamental form of social inequality and conflict. Thirdly, all men oppress women and all men benefit from patriarchy. Particularly from wo mens unpaid domestic labour and from their sexual services. For radical feminists, patriarchal oppression occurs in the public sphere of work and politics and also in the snobby sphere of the family. According to radical feminists, patriarchal power is expressed through sexual or physical violence or the threat of it. As Brownmiller notes, fearfulness of rape is a powerful deterrent against women going out alone at night. Likewise Rich argues that men force women into a narrow and null compulsory heterosexuality, which becomes the only socially acceptable form of sexuality. Radical feminists believe that if women are to be free, personal and sexual relations must be transformed.They have suggested three strategies to achieve this. Firstly separatism, which is when women live apart from men and create a new culture of female independence. Feminist Greer argues for the creation of all-female or matrilocal households as an alternative to the heterosexual family. The second strategy is consciousness raising, through sharing their experiences in women-only consciousness-raising groups, women come to see that other women face the same problems. The triplet strategy is political lesbianism many radical feminists argue that heterosexual relationships are inevitably oppressive because they involve sleeping with the enemy and that lesbianism is the only non-oppressive form of sexuality. Marxists have a key criticism of radical feminists. They argue that class is the primary form of inequality and that capitalism is the main cause and beneificiary of womens oppression, not men. another(prenominal) criticism comes from Anna Pollert, who argues that the concept of patriarchy is of little value in explaining womens position because it involves a circular argument. In contrast, Marxist feminists dismiss liberal feminists view that womens subordination is merely the product of stereotyping or outdate attitudes.Likewise theyalso reject the radical feminist view that it is the result of patriarchal oppression by men. Marxists see womens subordination as rooted in capitalism. This results from their primary role as unpaid homemakers, which presents them in dependent economic positions in the family. Their subordination performs four important functions of capitalism women are a source of cheap, exploitable labour. As they are viewed as financially dependent on their male partners, they can be paid less by employers. Women are a reserve army of labour, that can be moved into the labour force during economic booms and out again at times of recession. Women produce the labour force through their unpaid domestic labour, by nurturing and socialising children to become the next generation of workers by maintaining and go the current generation of workers. Thirdly, women absorb anger that would otherwise be directed at capitalism. Ansley describes wives as takers of shit who soak up the frustration of their husbands, this explains male domestic violence agai nst women.

Debating and discussing the benefits and drawbacks

thematic instruction is a method of learning that is going more and more outstanding within schools across the deposit due to the Government s instruction reappraisal and their proposed new course of study for 2011. The switch to this method of instruction is intend to assist reorganize the handed- batch capable countries into thematic countries of acquisition, easing the force per unit beas on schools to learn purely to the course of study and give their instructors the freedom they need in decree to secure cross-curricular thematic lessons. This study will try to specify both thematic and cross-curricular instruction and discourse their several advantages and disadvantages.Shoemaker ( 1989 ) states that a cross-curriculum instruction is unrivaled that is set up so that classroom topics overlap with oneness an different, the method efforts to convey together legion facets of the course of study into assorted lessons to reflect the original universe such that pupils can ut ilize acquaintance learned in one context as a cognition base in other contexts ( Collins, Brown, & A Newman, 1989 ) . Shanahan ( 1995 ) agrees with this definition, he states that thematic instruction is a method of forming learning about subjects or subjects doing it possible to incorporate direction across nucleus countries Thematic units are designed to promote pupils to dig deep into subjects developing both an consciousness and apprehension of bing connexions across thoughts. The above definitions suggest that thematic and cross-curricular instruction is inseparable for kids to tie in that accomplishments learnt in one category are of import tools for finishing undertakings within other topics in school and undertakings outside. Applebee, Langer, & A Mullis ( 1989 ) study wherefore the alteration to this method or instruction is necessary while pupils are larning the basic information in nucleus capable countries, they are non larning to use their cognition efficaciou sly in thought and logical thinking Marzano ( 1991 ) and Perkins ( 1991 ) construct on this they believe that these methods work towards turn toing well-nigh recurring jobs in instruction, one in peculiar existence that of stray accomplishment direction. Ofsted s study The Curriculum in Successful Primary Schools ( 2002 ) in which it was noted that successful schools were the 1s in which The instructors recognize that where links are effectual they enable students to use the cognition and accomplishments learned in one topic to others. Because cross-curricular and thematic instruction involves the linking of activities that are designed around subjects or subjects every bit good as traversing legion countries within the National Curriculum they provide an environment that Fosters and encourages procedure acquisition and active appointment of each pupils ( fisherman, 1991 ) , this would therefore aid instructor turn to the different acquisition manners of students withi n their schoolrooms. A claim that Komorowska ( 2001 ) backs up, saying that because teaching kids is non systematic, the methods and techniques chosen by the instructor are of a higher significance than their consequences. With respects to the diverse acquisition manners that kids deplete, experts have identified three ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.time4learning.com/learning-styles.shtml ) auditive scholars remember by speaking out loud, like to hold things explained orally and may hold problem with written instructions. Auditory scholars may speak to themselves when larning something new. opthalmic scholars easy retrieve ocular inside informations and prefer to see what they are larning. They prefer to compose down instructions and may hold problem spare-time activity talks. This type of scholar enjoys art and drawing reads maps, charts and diagrams good fascinated with machines and innovations dramas with Lego likes labyrinths and mystifiers.Kinesthetic scholars pref er activities that allow them to make what they are larning about. Haptic scholars like to touch things in order to larn about them and wish to travel around when speaking or listening. Shows you instead than Tells you.Through the usage of thematic and transverse curricular instruction, schoolroom instructors are able to provide for these three distinct groups of scholars and, hence, make an ambiance in which each group remains interested in the lesson therefore battling some(prenominal) ennui and increasing the students potency for larning. Former Secretary of State for Education and Skills, Charles Clarke, wrote in the Excellence and Enjoyment Strategy ( 2004 ) , What makes good primary instruction enceinte is the merger of excellence and enjoyment. Children learn better when they are excited and engaged but what excites them and engages them best is genuinely first-class instruction, which challenges them and shows them what they can make. Which falls in chore with Larsen- Freeman s statement ( 2000 ) that larning becomes even more effectual due to it being facilitated in a cheerful environment , and Resnick s ( 1989 ) claim that this method increases students causality for larning and their degree of battle because they can see the value of what they are being taught and become more actively engaged in the lesson as opposed to the stray accomplishment larning that other methods offer.It is, nevertheless, of import to see general larning features every bit good as the antecedently mentioned groups of features and how these are successfully manipulated through the usage of these methods. Thaiss ( 1986 ) , Krogh ( 1990 ) and Jacobs ( 1989 ) all write that kids that are able to utilize fact-finding accomplishments to research what they are larning, and interact with other members of their acquisition community, whether that s other students, instructors or schoolroom helpers, rattling learn more than those kids that are non encouraged to inquire in quiries and portion sentiments with other scholars. Vygotsky ( 1962 ) gives us an account as to why this technique is successful. He pointed out that kids who have different accomplishments, learn from each other. This is because through the encouragement of probe, oppugning and working together, students are given the chance to see undertakings from the point of position of others.Finally, the humanistic attack in learning emphasises the importance of single and typical features of a human being and the desire for fulfillment. In instruction it means student-oriented learning instead than teacher-oriented one Biskup ( 1990 ) . Fisher et Al says, what promotes creativeness is a oppugning schoolroom, where instructors and students ask unusual and ambitious inquiries where new connexions are made where thoughts are represented in different ways- visually, physically and verbally where there are fresh attacks and solutions to jobs and where the effects of thoughts and actions are critically evaluated. In a humanistic schoolroom, such as the 1 that uses thematic and cross-curricular methods, the instructor is non but a protagonist and assistant but besides a scholar. This is because the work is based on subjects that the instructor may non be used to, it brings the instructor down to the same degree of the kid and the student about takes charge in look intoing by inquiring inquiries. The instructor s chief function is to make an ambiance in which scholars feel relaxed and do non hold any suppressions therefore scholars endowments are exploited during the learning procedure.Of class, whilst there are legion benefits to utilizing these methods, there are besides a figure of drawbacks which must be considered. David Hart, former general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers, Theme-based instruction will disfavor students in the passage to secondary. And it will do the secondary instructor s undertaking much more hard. This is to state that even though there may be benefits to learning like this within a primary schoolroom, students heading from a mostly thematic based manner of learning could perchance happen that the generic manner of learning within secondary instruction i.e. topic-based acquisition, hard to set to. Thus disfavoring the student s learning experience, compared to schoolmates who are used to this type of instruction. pass on drawbacks of the methods include the demand for ongoing coaction between instructors and formulation, as the subjects must be carefully and thought through in order for them to be important and do sense within the course of study. Chris Woodhead, states in his study of 1992 that, It s harder for instructors to construction a consistent proviso in the topics that are deserving analyzing if they re seeking to build links between these topics every bit good. The excess work that Woodhead remarks on is necessary for the success of the methods because the intertwining of the course of study within that one subject, as stated earlier, may be hard and would necessitate a batch of planning and coaction with other members of staff, and without this excess work from the instructors it is possible that some content that could be covered may be missed. Finally, with respects to planning, the resources available to instructors within a school could besides be a possible block for the two methods. For illustration a school may non hold sufficient ICT resources for all twelvemonth groups to utilize in order to develop these accomplishments during literacy or numeracy lessons. there is besides the possibility that within these Sessionss that some students get confused and lose sight of the chief constructs of the activity or lesson. This could be down to hapless planning and administration of the instructor or due to the student being over-stimulated with the many different activities in gesture within the lesson, therefore, ensuing in the student being spread thinly across the lesson, go forthing attempts for larning uneffective.The cross-curricula and thematic methods of instruction can be good to instructors and pupils, as discussed antecedently they allow kids to larn in a manner that is most natural to them. As Scott and Ytreberg ( 1990 ) province some kids develop early, some later. Some kids develop bit by bit, others in springs and bounds. It is non possible that at the age of five all kids can make x, at the age of seven they can all make Ys, or that at the age of 10 they can all make z.. This is to state that kids are all different human existences larning things at different rates. These methods allow all students to pick up the intended acquisition aims and ends through this fact-finding procedure, it s through this procedure that the students become more responsible and engaged in their ain acquisition. In consequence this levels the contend field leting the students to successfully finish the acquisition aim in their ain manner and within the intended period of clip. However, it would be prudent to take to these methods with caveat as the drawbacks discussed do look to hold footing such as

Character Analysis of Armand Aubigny

I think Ar humand Aubigny is one of major character in the story. Because if there are no Armand in the story, then the conflict will non be until the climax, or maybe there would be no conflict at all. In the story, Armand had a conflict with his wife, Desiree. Before we get to the main conflict, yes, I think when Armand had a quarrel with Desiree about Desirees baby is the main conflict, first, I will come before you to the characterization of Armand Aubigny. It was no wonder, when she stood one day against the stone pillar in whose shadow she had lain asleep, eighteen years before, that Armand Aubigny riding by and seeing her there, had fallen in love with her. Armand is a man who fell in love with Desiree. He has a light skin and handsome but his stick having black skin. His mother died when he was eight. He didnt remember her mother have a black skin, maybe because his light skin. I can say that Armand is a racist, because he has strict rules to his slaves. And his slaves ar e Negrillon. Armand has known Desiree since he is a boy. But on that time, Armand non loved her.It is represented in the sentence The wonder was that he had not loved her before for he had known her since his father brought him home from Paris, a boy of eight, after his mother died there. Then, Armand didnt care about Desirees origin. He really fell in love with her. He believed that he can give Desiree the best, the oldest and the proudest in Louisiana as is evidenced under the sentence in which he didnt care with her nameless What did it matter about a name when he could give her one of the oldest and proudest in Louisiana? Then they were married. Armand is the man who is arrogant.He cannot discuss a problem using his brain but he uses his emotion. Armand and Desiree live their lives as a family as did other family. Until Desiree gave a birth to a baby and Armand knew that baby has a dark skin. Armand who formerly loved Desiree is now turned into a fierce Armand. Armand blames Desiree for what happened to his child. He said that Desiree is a descendant from a black people . We can look at the scene when Desiree tried to talk to Armand about the child Tell me what it means she cried despairingly. It means, he answered lightly, that the child is not white it means that you are not white. As white as La Blanches, he returned cruelly and went away leaving her alone with their child. He didnt care when Desiree decided to leave the house. Please, look at this conversation Do you want me to go? Yes, I want you to go. Armand blamed God too. He theme that God has unfair to him because formerly he loved Desiree very much and then Desiree gave him badness into his house and his family. Finally, Armand read a part of a garner from his mother to his father and he knew that he is a descendant of the race that is cursed with the brand of slavery.

Gap, Inc. Financial Analysis

The GAP, Inc. The Fiscal category Ended January 28, 2012 A. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1. Financial Statements Included in the Annual Report 2. 1. Consolidated Statements of Cash fuse 2. Major Competitors of the GAP, Inc. Ameri erect Eagle Outfitters, Inc. , J. Crew Group, Inc. , and the TJX Companies, Inc. can be shown as the major competitors for the GAP, Inc. found on the data given in classly reports of the companies, egregious moulding % for GAP, Inc. is 36%, spell American Eagle Outfitters has 36%, J. Grew Group, Inc. as 40%, and TJX has 32% coarse coast. Stock price on November 2, 2012 is $35. 11 for the GAP, Inc. , while it is $21. 05 for American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. , $43. 55 for J. Crew Group, Inc. , and $41. 52 for the TJX Companies, Inc. Debt-to-equity proportion is the total debt separate by total touchholders equity and this ratio is a measure of ships caller solvency and its ability to meet its short- and long term obligations. For the major competitors of the GAP, Inc. this ratio deliberate as at a lower place 3. Auditing Firm of the GAP, Inc.Deloitte & Touche LLP soak up audited the ac play alonging consolidated balance sheets of the GAP, Inc. and the other financial statements which are the consolidated statements of income, rakehellholders equity, and cash flows for threesome socio-economic classs in the period ended in January 28, 2012. They have also consulted the Companys internal control over financial reporting as of January 28, 2012. Deloitte & Touche LLP indicated that consolidated financial statements, which are given in the annual report, present fairly the financial position of The GAP, Inc. nd subsidiaries as of January 28, 2012 in conformity with news report principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in their opinion, the friendship maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of 28 January, 2012 based on the criteria established in Internal containIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. B. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ANALYSIS 1. The Inventory Method The corporation used the weighted-average method while reviewing line to cumulate the financial statements.When using the weighted average method, the cost of goods available for sale is divided by the number of units available for sale, which yields the weighted-average cost per unit and to estimate finish inventory cost number of units in the ending inventory is multiplied by the weighted average cost per unit. 2. The Depreciation Method and Estimated Useful Lives of the Depreciable Assets everyplace the estimated useful lives of the related assets, the straight line method is used while computing depreciation to compile financial statements. The estimated useful life of depreciable assets is shown as at a lower place 3.Goodwill and Intangible Assets The company reviews not only intangible assets for impairment, but also the carry ing kernel of goodwill annually. The goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, including trade name, are put down in other long-term assets in the consolidated balance sheet of company as shown in Note 3 4. The class of Stocks and Number of Shares As you can see in the consolidated balance sheet, the company has common stock with authorized 2. 3 billion shell outs issued 1. 106 billion shares for all periods presented outstanding 485 unmatchable million million and 588 million shares for periods presented.The company is authorized to issue 60 million shares of Class B common stock, which is convertible into shares of common stock on a share-for-share posterior and no Class B shares have been issued as of January 28, 2012. The Company is also authorized to issue 30 million shares of one or more serial of preferred stock, which has a par value of $0. 05 per share and no preferred share has been issued as of January 28, 2012. 5. Treasury Stock and Number of Shares T reasury Stock held by the company has 621 and 518 shares for the periods presented in the consolidated balance sheet as January 28, 2012 and January 29, 2011. . Dividends paid by the Company The company declared and paid dividends during the period reviewed as shown in the consolidated statements of income and it is $0. 45 in financial year 2011, $0. 40 in fiscal year 2010, and $0. 34 in fiscal year 2009 per share. 7. The price per share of the common stock The price per share of the common stock as of the most recent fiscal year-end date, which is January 28, 2012, is $18. 69. On the other hand, the price per share on November 3, 2012, which is the day we can see the close price before the report date, is $35. 11. 8. Generated CashThe company generated $1. 363 billion net cash by run activities during fiscal year 2011. The amount of generated cash generated during fiscal year 2011 decreased $381 million comparing the amount generated during fiscal year 2010. Also, net cash provi ded by operating activities during fiscal year 2010 decreased $184 million analysed with fiscal year 2009. The cash outflows for investing activities of the company are earlier for capital expenditures and purchases of enthronisations, whereas cash inflows are primarily provided from maturities of short-term investments.The amount of net cash used for investing activities is $454 million during the fiscal year 2011, $429 million during the fiscal year 2010 and $537 million during the fiscal year 2009, while maturities of short-term investments are $150 million, $600 million, and $125 million in fiscal year 2011, 2010 and 2009. The cash outflows from financial activities are primarily repurchases of the companys common stock and dividend payments, while cash inflows are primarily proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt.Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt are $1. 646 billion for fiscal year 2011 and net cash used for financing activities is $602 million. 9. Ratio Analysis for the Company The flow rate ratio is the one of the measures of company equity and it indicates the relationship among new assets and current liabilities. For the company, current ratio is calculated as below The come down on sales ratio measures the companys profitability and it indicates the relationship between net income and sales. For the company, return on sales ratio is shown belowThe debt-to-equity ratio is a measure of the companys solvency and it measures the relative proportions of financing from debt and financing from shareholders. It is calculated for the company as seen below The return on investment ratio shows the return generated per dollar of total investment and it is calculated for the company as seen below The return on possessors equity ratio measures the return generated per dollar of owners equity and for the company the return on owners equity ratio is The gross margin ratio measures the gross profit of the companys products and for the company it i s calculated as shown belowThe inventory turnover measures the speed at which company sells its inventory. This measure is important to ensure that inventory delivered customers in a timely manner so that cash can be received by the company. Net profit margin measures also companys profitability and it is mostly used for internal comparison. It is also an exponent of a companys pricing strategies and how well it controls costs. Profit margin for the company is The asset turnover ratio calculates the totalrevenuefor every dollar of assets a company owns and it is calculated for the company as seen belowThe quick ratio is measure of a companys ability to meet its current obligations like the current ratio and it is more reliable measurement of liquidity because it considers only assets that are quickly converted to cash as quick assets. The quick ratio for the company is Theprice-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of ashareis the market price of the share divided by the annualearnings per share . a high P/Eratio suggests that investors are expectinghigher earningsgrowthin the future compared to companies with alower P/E. Based on the price per share on January 28, 2012, the price-to-earnings ratio for the GAP, Inc. s 10. 11. Horizontal and vertical Analysis for the Comparative Income Statement and Balance Sheet THE GAP, INC. CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS (millions) Vertical and Horizontal Analysis Financial Data Vertical Analysis Horizontal Analysis 2011 2010 2011 (%) 2010 (%) $ Change % Change Net sales $ 14,549 $ 14,664 100. 00 100. 00 (115) (0. 78) Cost of goods sold and occupancy expenses 9,275 8,775 63. 75 59. 84 500 5. 70 tax income profit 5,274 5,889 36. 5 40. 16 (615) (10. 44) Operating expenses 3,836 3,921 26. 37 26. 74 (85) (2. 17) Operating income 1,438 1,968 9. 88 13. 42 (530) (26. 93) affaire expense (reversal) 74 (8) 0. 51 (0. 05) 82 (1025) Interest income (5) (6) (0. 03) (0. 04) 1 (16. 67) Income before income tax es 1,369 1,982 9. 41 13. 52 (613) (30. 93) Income taxes 536 778 3. 68 5. 31 (242) (31. 11) Net income $ 833 $ 1,204 5. 73 8. 21 (371) (30. 81) 12. Segments reported by the company The GAP, Inc. dentified its operating segments based on the way to manage and evaluate the business activities and based on this way the company has two reportable segments Stores and direct. The stores reportable segment has results of the retail stores for Gap, Old Navy, and banana tree Republic which are brands of the GAP, Inc. while the direct reportable segment includes the results for the brands of the company, both domestic and international. C. MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING ANALYSIS 1. Return on Investment for Stores and strike Segments As it is mentioned before, return on investment is calculated as net income divided by average total assets company has.While calculating return on investment each segment for the company, which are stores and direct, we need net income for these different seg ments and also average total assets as given financial information by reportable segments in the annual report. The operating income, depreciation and amortization expenses, purchases of property and equipment for each segment, and the effective tax rate, which is given as 39. 2% for fiscal year 2011, are used to calculate the net income for each segment. The return on investment, which is net income divided by segment assets, for the stores reportable segment is 0. 37, while it is 0. 22 for direct reportable segment. It means that the company earned $3. 7 for every $100 investment for the reportable stores segment and $22 for every $100 investment for the direct reportable segment. Calculations for the return on investment ratio are shown in the table below 2. Residual Income Residual income (RI) is a managerial accounting measurement used to assess and compare the relative success of business units. The basic formula for calculating residual income is to multiply operating assets by the stripped-down required rate of return, and then subtract this value from operating income.For the stores and direct reportable segments, the residual income is 3. Assuming that 70% of the expenses are fixed a. Contribution brink Contribution margin is the total sales less total variable costs at a given level of activity. For the GAP, Inc. total sales amount is $14. 549 billion during the fiscal year 2011 as seen in the consolidated statements of income, while total variable cost is $2. 782 billion, which is 30% of cost of goods sold and occupancy expenses. Based on this data, contribution margin in fiscal year 2011 is b. Contribution Margin RatioThe contribution margin ratio is the contribution margin per unit divided by selling price per unit or contribution margin divided by total sales. The contribution margin ratio of the company is 0. 8088 or 80. 88% in fiscal year 2011, as you can see the calculation below c. Break-even in Sales Dollars The break-even point in dollar s can be calculated by using contribution margin ratio approach. The basic formula with this approach is fixed cost divided by contribution margin ratio for the break-even in sales dollars. The fixed cost for the company is $6. 92 billion ($9,275 * 70%) and the break-even point in dollars D. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL E. INVESTMENT finish FOR THE COMPANY There are different criteria to assess the overall performance of companies. We have discussed various perspectives to make a comprehensive evaluation for the GAP, Inc. in the antecedent parts of the report. While discussing nature of the investment decision, the data given before is used to explain the performance of the company for investors. Investors invest money in companys stock expecting a return in their investment in the form of dividends or appreciation in the price of stock.From this perspective, we should evaluate the price of stock for the company and the dividends paid. As it is mentioned before, the price per share of t he common stock was $18. 69 on January 28, 2012, while it is $35. 11 on November 2, 2012. The price to equity ratio is 22, assumptive that the earnings per share will be the same for November 2, 2012 within fiscal year 2011, while it was only 12 on January 28, 2012. Comparing the previous data, it is mathematical to severalise that investors can expect higher earnings growth in the future, but it would not be useful for investors to use only this ratio as a basis of investment.Major competitors should also be assessed from the industry analysis perspective to decide to invest company. To compare the company performance with the major competitors, we calculated gross margin ratio and debt-to-equity ratio before. These measurements are very important to assess the situation of the company in industry. Although J. Crew Group, Inc. is basically higher gross margin comparatively to its competitors, the GAP, Inc. has also high gross margin which is the same with another American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. and higher than TJX Companies, Inc. The GAP, Inc. s debt-to-equity ratio is 1. 69, while it is 0. 38 for AEO, 2. 4 for JCG and 1. 83 for TJX. It means that the GAP, Inc. had $1. 69 of debt for every $1. 00 of shareholders equity. From this perspective, American Eagle Outfitters has lower debt for every $1. 00 of shareholders equity, while other competitors have more debt relatively to the GAP, Inc. We can introduce that debt-to-equity ratio for our company is acceptable among the companies in industry. For the evaluation of the companies based on financial statements, the analysts usually use a combination of three methods of analysis which are plain analysis, vertical analysis and ratio analysis as we made in the previous parts of the report.Horizontal analysis examines the changes in one financial statement item over time, while vertical analysis shows each item on a financial statement as a percentage of one particular item on the statement. Investors use the v ertical analysis to evaluate the composition of the companys financial position and earnings. As we can see in the vertical analysis, the companys percentage of net income for fiscal year 2011 is 5. 73 while it is 8. 21 for fiscal year 2010. Investors should take this into account and compare these values with the competitors values to see that the situation of industry between these years.On the other hand, we can see that cash as a percentage of total assets for fiscal year 2011 is 25. 40 while it is 22. 09 for fiscal year 2010. This gives us some insight into the cash management system of the company. From the horizontal analysis perspective, the GAP, Inc. had a 30. 81 change negatively in net income, while it had 20. 76 percent maturation in cash and a 5. 05 increase in total assets. We can see that decreasing amount of income is the result of mostly increasing cost of goods sold and occupancy expenses. So, investors should take this into account and compare it with the company s another competitors in the industry.Finally, ratio analysis is used to judge the companys efficiency in using its current assets and liabilities. It is rattling important to see whether company is profitable or liquid for investors to decide invest on the company. Based on the current and quick ratio, we can say that companys liquidity is enough to pay its liabilities. We measured companys profitability by using gross margin, return on sales, return on assets, asset turnover and returns on owners equity and profit margin and see that company is profitable to invest and since it has almost 12% return on investment which shows us it makes sense to invest on the GAP, Inc.Investment decision is quite difficult for investors since they should asses the company from many different perspectives, we can say that the GAP, Inc. is one of the leading companies in the industry and it has a good return on investment. The changes between fiscal year 2011 and fiscal year 2010 should be taken i nto account by comparing with competitors and previous fiscal years. In general investors could see that the price per share of the common stock has increasing value for the company and it is profitable to invest. So, I would invest in this company, since I believe that it has a good return for investors.

Internet Marketing in Business Unit Essay

cover the role profit selling has within a modern selling concept profit marketing is the promotion of products and services using the Internet. Lower Costs, Products and services and international customers ar its main advantages. This Type of marketing in addition keeps digital customer data management and electronic customer Relationship management (ECRM), which are widely used in businesses today.Different types businesses have benefited from internet marketing when it comes to cost, And sales, instantly millions of people dissolve have access to company/business, its products Or services, you can do this at any time anyplace in the world. Normally communication Would be do by e-mail reducing cost in telephone calls. This benefits not only businesses That doesnt have to spend a lot of money on traditional ways of advertising but also benefit Consumers who do not need to forge telephone calls to know more about a company and Its products or services its attainable to find out everything with a few clicks.Internet marketing is also used to close deals which achieve the process easier and cheaper, For the business and the customer. Even a mobile phone contract can be done by internet. Internet marketing also helps targeting customers in other countries as products or services substantially reach customers anywhere in the world through internet marketing. The marketing mix is also an alpha part of internet marketing it is a main ingredient In internet marketing it is also known as the 4ps, which is place, promotion, products and Price, every business uses this when start up because it is simple and very affective and pass along A good impact on the business* Place where your business is located, how can customers reach you? The internet is the best place for a business because customers can get on it 24/7 * advance internet marketing allows business to advertise on website such as facebook which is used by the consentient world. * Products what i s your target market what products should you provide. Businesses online provide a wider range of ptroducts than the business. * Price is the price suitable for the products your providing and the location yourProviding it from. Internet marketing provide cheaper prices and better offers than the acctual branch/business

Doctrine of Repugnance

From time immemorial, legislative bodies gain been enacting justnesss all over the world. With the enactment of integritys by different legislative bodies all over the world, conflict of legalitys is an needed issue. However, in this article I ordain mainly be focusing on the conflict of virtues with compute to India. In India, in that respect be three wings of the Government, namely, The legislative body, The Judiciary and the Executive. The legislature has the impartiality making powers for the entire country. The legislature is further divided into the Centre and the arouse.Doctrine of Repugnancy deals with the conflict of laws betwixt the utter and the Centre. Part XI of the Indian organic law describes the legislative relations mingled with the enjoins and the Centre. The legislative field of the parliament and the asseverate Legislatures has been undertake in name 246 of the Constitution whereas article 254 of the Indian Constitution describes the mechani sm for resolution of conflict between the Central and the State legislations enacted with follow to every matter enumerated in tendency III of the seventh Schedule. discordant juridic pronouncements have declared the pre-conditions for the application of the doctrine of repugnancy. In the case of M. Karunanidhi v. federation of India, the Constitutional remove laid down the tests for the application of the Doctrine of Repugnancy, which is as follows 1. That in order to decide the question of repugnancy it must(prenominal) be shown that the two enactments contain inconsistent and inharmonious supply, so that they netnot stand together or run for in the same field. 2. That on that point can be no repeal by implication unless the diversity appears on the face of the two statutes. . That where the two statutes enliven a particular field, and there is board or possibility of both the statutes operating in the same field without coming into collision with severally other, no repugnancy results.4. That where there is no inconsistency but a statute occupying the same field seeks to bring in distinct and se parityte offences, no question of repugnancy arises and both the statutes continue to lock up in the same field. In interior(a) Engineering Industries Ltd. Vs. Shri Kishan, the Supreme coquette observed In order that a question of repugnancy whitethorn be arise, two conditions must be fulfilled, namely that the State Law and the Laws of the coupler must operate the name field and one must be irreconcilable or inconsistent with the other. From the plain discipline of the names 246 and 254 it is clear that in case of a conflict between the Union laws and State laws, it is the Union law which shall feed if it is do within an entry of List III of the Constitution. In such a scenario if whatever provision of a State-made law is in conflict with the fan tanmade law under such circumstance the State-made law is declared void to the purpose of repugnancy.However, this general rule is subject to Clause (2) of Article 254 of the Indian Constitution. The Clause (2) of the say Article says that that the State law will become void to the period of repugnancy unless the State law has been reserved for the assent of the chairman. If the Preseident grants his assent to the said state law, accordingly the Union law, to the extent of its repugnancy will become void in that state. However, this does not curtail the power of the Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a Law adding to amending varying or repealing the law so made by the legislature of the State.Thus, what is visible to us by analyzing the various judicial pronouncements and by going through the Constitution is that both the Centre and the State have supreme powers with dissemble to enacting the laws for their respective domains but in the presence of a conflict, it is the Centre-made laws which shall prevail in m ost cases. The Supreme Court in Zameer Ahmed Latifur Rehman Sheikh Vs. State of Maharashtra has examined the law relating to the Doctrine of Repugnancy. In essence, Part XI of the Indian Constitution describes the legislative relations between the States and the Centre.Further, Article 254 turn overes the doctrine of Repugnancy which acts as a safeguard to solve disputes arising between the states and the Union. The term Repugnancy means inconsistency between the State-made law and the Union-made law. The relevant extracts from the judgment are reproduced hereunder 46. onward we proceed to analyze the said aspect, it would be appropriate to understand the circumstances in which repugnancy would arise. 47. Chapter I of Part XI of the Constitution deals with the subject of distribution of legislative powers of the Parliament and the legislature of the States.Article 245 of the Constitution provides that the Parliament whitethorn engender laws for the whole or any part of the ter ritory of India, and the legislature of a State may make laws for the whole or any part of the State. 48. The legislative field of the Parliament and the State Legislatures has been contract in Article 246 of the Constitution. Article 246, reads as follows 49. We may now refer to the judgment of this Court in M. Karunanidhi v. Union of India, (1979) 3 SCC 431, which is one of the most authoritative judgments on the present issue.In the said case, the principles to be applied for determining repugnancy between a law made by the Parliament and a law made by the State Legislature were considered by a Constitution Bench of this Court. At paratrooper 8, this Court held that repugnancy may result from the next circumstances 1. Where the provisions of a Central identification number and a State make believe in the Concurrent List are amply inconsistent and are abruptly irreconcilable, the Central Act will prevail and the State Act will become void in view of the repugnancy.Where h owever a law passed by the State comes into collision with a law passed by Parliament on an Entry in the Concurrent List, the State Act shall prevail to the extent of the repugnancy and the provisions of the Central Act would become void provided the State Act has been passed in accordance with clause (2) of Article 254. 3. Where a law passed by the State Legislature while being substantially within the backdrop of the entries in the State List entrenches upon any of the Entries in he Central List the constitutionality of the law may be upheld by invoking the doctrine of pith and substance if on an analysis of the provisions of the Act it appears that by and large the law falls within the four corners of the State List and entrenchment, if any, is purely incidental or inconsequential. 4. Where, however, a law made by the State Legislature on a subject cover by the Concurrent List is inconsistent with and repugnant to a previous law made by Parliament, then such a law can be protect ed by obtaining the assent of the President under Article 254(2) of the Constitution.The result of obtaining the assent of the President would be that so far as the State Act is concerned, it will prevail in the State and overrule the provisions of the Central Act in their applicability to the State only. Such a state of affairs will exist only until Parliament may at any time make a law adding to, or amending, varying or repealing the law made by the State Legislature under the proviso to Article 254. In para 24, this Court further laid down the conditions which must be satisfied before any repugnancy could arise, the said conditions are as follows- 1. That there is a clear and direct inconsistency between the Central Act and the State Act. 2. That such an inconsistency is absolutely irreconcilable. 3. That the inconsistency between the provisions of the two Acts is of such temperament as to bring the two Acts into direct collision with each other and a situation is reached where it is unthinkable to obey the one without disobeying the other. Thereafter, this Court after referring to the catena of judgments on the subject, in para 38, laid down following propositions- 1. That in order to decide the question of repugnancy it must be shown that the two enactments contain inconsistent and irreconcilable provisions, so that they cannot stand together or operate in the same field. 2. That there can be no repeal by implication unless the inconsistency appears on the face of the two statutes. 3. That where the two statutes occupy a particular field, but there is room or possibility of both the statutes operating in the same field without coming into collision with each other, no repugnancy results.4. That where there is no inconsistency but a statute occupying the same field seeks to create distinct and separate offences, no question of repugnancy arises and both the statutes continue to operate in the same field. 50. In Govt. of A. P. v. J. B. Educational Socie ty, (2005) 3 SCC 212, this Court while discussing the celestial orbit of Articles 246 and 254 and considering the proposition laid down by this Court in M. Karunanidhi case (supra) with respect to the situations in which repugnancy would arise, in para 9, held as follows- 9. Parliament has exclusive power to legislate with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List I, notwithstanding anything contained in clauses (2) and (3) of Article 246. The non obstante clause under Article 246(1) indicates the predominance or supremacy of the law made by the Union Legislature in the event of an overlap of the law made by Parliament with respect to a matter enumerated in List I and a law made by the State Legislature with respect to a matter enumerated in List II of the Seventh Schedule. 10. There is no doubt that both Parliament and the State Legislature are supreme in their respective assigned fields.It is the duty of the court to interpret the legislations made by Parliament and the St ate Legislature in such a manner as to avoid any conflict. However, if the conflict is unavoidable, and the two enactments are irreconcilable, then by the force of the non obstante clause in clause (1) of Article 246, the parliamentary legislation would prevail notwithstanding the exclusive power of the State Legislature to make a law with respect to a matter enumerated in the State List. 11. With respect to matters enumerated in List III (Concurrent List), both Parliament and the State Legislature have equal competence to legislate.Here again, the courts are charged with the duty of interpreting the enactments of Parliament and the State Legislature in such manner as to avoid a conflict. If the conflict becomes unavoidable, then Article 245 indicates the manner of resolution of such a conflict. Thereafter, this Court, in para 12, held that the question of repugnancy between the parliamentary legislation and the State legislation could arise in following two ways- 12. First, where the legislations, though enacted with respect to matters in their allotted sphere, overlap and conflict.Second, where the two legislations are with respect to matters in the Concurrent List and there is a conflict. In both the situations, parliamentary legislation will predominate, in the first, by virtue of the non obstante clause in Article 246(1), in the second, by reason of Article 254(1). Clause (2) of Article 254 deals with a situation where the State legislation having been reserved and having obtained Presidents assent, prevails in that State this again is subject to the proviso that Parliament can again bring a legislation to override even such State legislation. 51. In National Engg. Industries Ltd. v. Shri Kishan Bhageria (1988) Supp SCC 82, Sabyasachi Mukharji, J. , opined that the best test of repugnancy is that if one prevails, the other cannot prevail. fictitious character Study Vijay Kumar Sharma V State Of Karnataka (Air 1990 Sc 2072) by Sayontika Das Part XI of t he Indian Constitution describes the legislative relations between the States and the Centre.Article 254 to establish the doctrine of Repugnancy is one of the laws laid down under the Indian Constitution as a safeguard to solve disputes arising between the states and the Union. Repugnancy is meant to express conflict, whereby there is an expressed inconsistency between the State-made law and the Union-made law. Case detailsBench Majority opined- Mishra Rangnath, Sawant P. B and desenting view Ramaswamy. K. Relevant statutory provisions (i) Karnataka Contract Carriages (Acquisition) Act (21 of 1976) s. 14 & s. 20 (ii) Motor Vehicles Act 1988 s. 74 & s. 80(2) and (iii) The doctrine of Repugnancy Article 254 of the Indian Constitution. Reference cases (i) Ch. Tika Ramji v. State of Uttar Pradesh (AIR 1956 SC 676) (ii) Hoechst Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. State of Bihar (AIR 1983 SC 1019). Case Study The doctrine deals with List (III) schedule (VII) which declares both the Union and State l egislatures competent to legislate. However in case of conflict between the laws, the Union law will prevail if it is made within an entry of List (III), irrespective of whether it the Union law is made by before or after the State Legislature. According to Article 254 (1) an overriding effect is provided to the provisions of a Parliament-made law which the Parliament is competent to enact or in with respect to any matter as enumerated in the List III of Schedule VII.In such a scenario if any provision of a State-made law is in conflict with the Parliamentmade law under such circumstance the State-made law is declared void to the extent of repugnancy. Under List III named as the Concurrent List in Schedule VII of the Indian Constitution both the Union and State Legislatures are competent to make laws on any of the entries mentioned therein. However they are subject to Clause (2) of Article 254 only in case, there is no conflict between the provisions of the said State-made law and a Central Act on the subject.However in case there is a repugnancy in question of a State law and Union law enumerated on one of the subjects of List III, the State law must yield to the Union law unless it has already been reserved for the assent of the President and has duly received so under Article 254 (2). The question of repugnancy therefore rightfully arises when there is a direct conflict between the provisions of the State law and the Union law on the same occupied field. Laws are said to be repugnant ideally when they get involved into taking responsibility for obedience to a higher authority.Simultaneously however certain inconsistent enactments to each of these laws may sometimes be possible without disobeying the other. Thus a competent instance for repugnancy arises only when legislation falling in List III, the Concurrent List can be cured by resorting to Article 254 (2). The question of repugnancy under Article 254 arises when the provisions of both laws are fully in consistent or are absolutely irreconcilable and it is impossible to obey without disobeying the other, or conflicting results are produced when both the statutes covering the same field are applied to a given set of facts.

Health Care Organizations for Capital Budgets

All major line of work systems dealing with economical conditions of uncertainty, opportunity costs, and scarce or depreciating resources have to develop capital budgets. The triad major steps to developing a capital budget are conducting a decision outline to establish a base for knowledge building, establishing alternative pricing to secure an accurately assessed market position, and creating discounted cash in flow (DCF) for making appropriate investment decisions for the organization.No organization can manage capital projects by simply looking at the numbers of discounted cash flows. A financial analyst for any organization must(prenominal) look at the entire decision and assess all relevant variables and outcomes within an uninflected hierarchy. Decision-making regarding capital budgeting is increasingly complex today because of uncertainty, particularly in the health care environment where galosh assessments of pharmaceuticals, health care insurance allotments, and other factors may affect the future of the organization. All capital projects give involve numerous variables and possible outcomes-but health care perhaps more than most. (Evans, pp.1-2)In the second signifier of capital budgeting, financial management, or consideration of options within capital budgeting is called contingent claims analysis or option pricing. Timing (when to enter certain ventures), abandonment (what past ventures to discontinue) and growth (what ventures to expand upon) are all critical-one must ask such(prenominal) questions as, what aspects of health care in the organization are revenue-producing and/or necessary to the community, what areas are more necessary at certain clips of year, and what can be discontinued? (Evans, p.3)Discounting refers to taking a future amount and finding its value today. Future values differ from present values because of the time value of money. Financial management recognizes the time value of money because of inflation, uncert ainty, and opportunity for investment. Thus, the more uncertain the economic environment or industry, the more necessary such revenue analysis becomes-and hence, once again, the necessity of such capital analysis for health care.

At&T Wireless: Text Messaging Essay

1. Describe the appeal behavior in the radiocommunication industry. What atomic number 18 the implications of this embody behavior for represent- strength-profit (CVP) relationships?The term constitute behavior is used to expound whether a cost alternates as output reassigns. In this slip of paper the cost are tightly shielded. In order to describe the cost behavior of the industry, we put up to study the process that results in cost incurrence. Based on the education in the AT&T case, the industry features a high proportion of dogged costs in relation to acquiring spectrum and building a network. Variable costs are relatively mortified and, in the case of text piths, are very low. The cost structure in the wireless industry is rule by fixed costs, so the contribution boundary line ratio is high. The high fixed costs and bighearted contribution tolerance ratio result in a relatively high shareage outgrowth in profit. The greater the proportion of fixed costs in a firms cost structure, the greater the impact on profit will be from a given percentage change in sales.The wireless industry has high operating leverage, because of high fixed costs and low uncertain costs. Therefore, the industry has a high ability to generate an development in net income when sales revenue enhancement increases. Text messages did non use any extra spectrum once the carrier had paid the cost of the key infrastructure and storage equipment. Any revenue received by the provider on incremental text message usage is closely pure profit. So, we dirty dog submit that, the cost does not change as the output changes. As far as I understand, the costs are incurred when the message is truly sent, and all these cost are very low.2. What are the key cost drivers? Can a cost driver be used to continually raise prices?Cost drivers1. soma of text messages per minute2. human action of prison cell towers per area covered3. Number of entropybases needed for a certain volume of messages 4.Number of customers5. Number of cell phone plans6. Number of terabytes7. Number of devicesThe choice of the cost driver in this industry is not obvious, and the cost behavior pattern can depend on the cost driver selected. In this case the key cost driver is the number of text messages sent/received per minute.Yes and No. It depends on the cost behavior of the business. If the business has high inconsistent costs and low fixed costs then the governing is to a greater extent feated by a change in the volume. If the business, like in AT&Ts case, has a high rate of fixed costs with minimal variable costs (we assume that they are at the low end of the range of volume per fixed costs because their profit margin is high) then a change in volume will have little to no effect on the actual costs incurred.3. What does it cost AT&T to send a text message?Consider costs of the channel, billing cost, storage cost Based on this cost, what is AT&Ts profit margin as a perce ntage of its text messaging business? Consider per-use pricing and package pricingHow strong a relationship should exist?In PlanChannel cost$.0008641 (.07/81) = using voice messages as a reference which cost $.07 cents a minute. There are 81 text messages/minute bringted per channel. heraldic bearing cost .0017283 (.0008641 x 2) = assume billing costs are twice as untold as wireless costsData base cost.0002857 (10M/35B) = AT&T would carry approximately 1% of world(a) text traffic of 3.5 trillion (35B) in their database which costs 10 million dollars Storage cost .0000003837 (13,430/35B) = intercontinental text storage is 1,343 terabytes. AT&T would carry 1% of this storage =13.43 terabytes. Cost of storage is $1,000 x 13.43 = $13,430. To get the per text cost divide this by 35B. Total cost per text$.002878Gross derive Margin = Gross Profit divided by total revenue $.20 per messageplan of $5 for 200 messagesplan of $15 for 1500 messages (.20 .00278)/.20(.025-.002878)/.025 (.01 .002878)/.01 =99%= 88%= 71%4. How strong a relationship should exist between the prices charged to a customer for a good or function and the cost of providing that good or service?We destine that companies should calculate their break-even point for their goods and services and to charge the prices according to that figure. This way, they can make sure that their price covers their expenses. In case of AT&Ts text messaging they are charging much more than the cost. save because there are only four national carriers in United States and they control 90 percent of the market, and text messaging had become widely popular, they can afford high prices. They are considering the demand of the service and pricing the product according to demand and supply.5. Why is the price that AT&T charges to transmit a kilobyte of data via text message so much higher than the price charged to transmit a kilobyte of data via a Smartphone?The fastest growing wireless industry is text messaging. This in addition reflects the earlier comment that demand for messaging far exceeds supply, therefore driving prices up. steady though it costs less to transmit a text message than data, it is still seen as a very low cost to the average customer. The customer feels like they are getting a good deal because they are using the text messaging more than the data messaging. Part of the wireless industries revenue is from the sale of the devices. Even the cheapest cell phones have the capability to send text messages.Since the company is not making as much of a profit off of the device (cell phone), they are making up the difference in charging more for the text messages. In addition, since voicemessaging is being replaced by data messaging, both text and email, almost all cell phone chains are developing their own version of an IPhone or smarting phone. To compete with these other chains, AT&T must charge the lowest price possible for their data to entice customers to buy their products over the competitors.6. As we move to a service economy, can we expect to have more or fewer businesses with cost behaviors similar to those in the text messaging sector? Explain.I would assume we would see more businesses with cost behaviors similar to the text messaging sector. The reason being is the service industry tends to have more fixed costs that dont increase linearly with the increase in service. The fixed costs tend to be step-fixed costs, whereas they can maintain services within a certain range up to a point in which they have to increase the fixed costs. The variable costs tend to be minimal since they often dont have the manufacturing costs of postulate materials and direct labor.After a service industry covers the basic operations, less money is needed as sales rise. Once the fixed costs are paid, the expense of processing additional sales is so little that the profits will grow faster than the revenues. The precedence has already been set in aggregate service org anizations, particularly internet companies. They have shown that once you achieve the hurdle of covering your basic fixed costs, the increased volume of service is very profitable.7. What should management of wireless firms seek to do now?AT&T should invest in improving the companys wireless broadband coverage and its performance. They can improve network coverage by adding cell towers, laying faster fiber-optic cabling, adding capacity to cell sites and upgrading current cell sites to improve internet speeds. By enhancing the network, they can carry a larger volume of data traffic. This will allow them to accommodate more customers and therefore increase their profits.